Indian Economy & Issues Relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development & Employment

Planning

• Meaning of Planning

• Need for Planning in Economic Development

• Imperative Vs. Indicative Vs. Structural Planning

• Objectives of Planning

• Indian Planning History

• Techniques of Indian Planning

• Achievements & Failures of Indian Planning

• Shortcomings of Planning in India

• NITI Aayog Vs. Planning Commission

Mobilisation of Resources

• Types of Resources – Financial, Human, Natural etc.

• Need for Resource Mobilisation

• Role of Savings & Investment

• Government Resources – Tax & Non-Tax ( or Fiscal & Monetary Policy)

• Banking Sector & NBFCs

• Capital Market

• External Sources – FDI, ODA etc.

• Public Borrowing & Management of Public Debt

• Challenges in Mobilising Resources for Development

• Steps That Can Be Taken

Growth & Development

• Meaning of Development & Growth

• Difference between Development & Growth

• Determinants of Growth & Development

• Importance & Limitations of Economic Growth

• Jobless Growth

• Pro-Poor Growth

• Balanced & Unbalanced Growth

• Dimensions of Development

• Measurement & Indicators of Development

• Approaches to Development:

  • Market-Based Approach

  • Role of State and Planned Approach

  • Mixed Economy Approach

• Challenges to Development & Growth

Employment

• Nature – Rural vs. Urban, Formal Vs. Informal

• Terms Related to Employment – Labour Force Participation Rate, Employment Rate, Working Age Population etc.

• Sectoral Distribution of Employment

• Quality of Employment

• Causes of Lack of Employment

• Restructuring of Workforce

• Government Initiatives for Generating Employment

Inclusive Growth & Issues Arising From It

• What is Inclusive Growth?

• Elements of Inclusive Growth

• Need for Inclusive Growth

• Indicators of Inclusive Growth

• Challenges in Achieveing Inclusive Growth in India

• 12^th FYP & Inclusive Growth

Government Budgeting

Need for Government Budgeting

Components of the Government Budget

• Revenue Account – Revenue Receipts & Revenue Expenditure

• Capital Account – Capital Receipts & Capital Expenditure

Changes in Budgetary Process in 2017

Measures of Government Deficit

• Revenue Deficit

• Fiscal Deficit

• Primary Deficit

Fiscal Policy

Deficit Reduction

FRBM Act

Other Types of Budgets – Outcome, Zero-Based, etc.

Land Reforms in India

• Rationale for Land Reforms

• Components of Land Reforms

• Impact of Land Reforms

• Problems in Implementaion of Land Reforms

• Success of Land Reforms

• Recent Initiatives - Land Leasing, Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation & Resettlement Act, etc.

Effects of Liberalization on the Economy

Phase of Liberalisation

• Impact on Different Sectors of the Economy

Changes In Industrial Policy & their Effects on Industrial Growth

• Industrial Policy Before 1991

• Industrial Policy After 1991

• Phases of Industrial Growth

• Linkage Between Economic Reforms and Economic Outcomes

• Weaknesses and Failures of Industrial Policies

• National Manufacturing Policy

• SEZs

• Make in India

Infrastructure

• Energy

• Ports

• Roads

• Airports

• Railways

Investment Models

Need for Investment

Sources of Investment

Types of Investment Models

• Domestic Investment Models

  • Public Investment Model

  • Private Investment Model

  • Public Private Participation Investment Model

• Foreign Investment Models:

  • FDI

  • FII, etc.

• Sector Specific Investment Models

• Cluster Based Investment Models

Investment Models Followed by India

Major Crops Cropping Patterns in Various Parts of the Country

• Importance of Cropping Pattern

• Types of Cropping Pattern

• Reasons Why Cropping Pattern Differ

• Factors Influencing Cropping Pattern

• Emerging Trends in Cropping Pattern

• Long-Run Effects of Current Trends in Cropping Pattern

Different Types of Irrigation & Irrigation Systems Storage

• Modes of Irrigation

• Sources of Irrigation

• Choosing an Irrigation System

• Problems Associated with Irrigation

• Progress of Irrigation Under Five Year Plans

• Environmental Effects of Irrigation

• Need for Systemic Irrigation Reforms

• Need for a National Water Policy

Transport & Marketing of Agricultural Produce & Issues & Related Constraints

• Process of Agricultural Marketing - Marketing Channels, Functionaries, Costs, etc.

• Role of FCI

• Regulated Markets

• Warehousing

• Cooperative Marketing

• Shortcomings of Current Agricultural Marketing Process

• APMCs

• National Agricultutral Market (NAM)

• Farmer Producer Organisations (FPO)

• Contract Farming

• Futures Trading in Agricultural Commodities

E-Technology in the Aid of Farmers, Technology Missions

Issues Related to Direct & Indirect Farm Subsidies & Minimum Support Prices

• Agricultural Pricing Policy

• Rationale for Subsidies

• Types of Subsidies

• Effectiveness, Extent & Problems of Subsisies

• Clash with WTO Agreements

Public Distribution System Objectives, Functioning, Limitations, Revamping

• Objectices/Significance

• Functioning - Fair Price Shops, FCI, Ration Cards, Aadhar Linking, etc.

• Shortcomings or Problems Associated with PDS

• Need to Improve the Working of PDS

• Measures to Improve the Loopholes & Lacunaes Associated with PDS

• Steps Taken by Governement in this Regard

Issues of Buffer Stocks & Food Security

• Buffer Stock – Objectives & Norms in India

• Impact of Government Procurement & Distribution

• Need for Food Security

• NFSM And othe Food Security Realted Government Initiatives

Economics of Animal-Rearing

Food Processing & Related Industries in India

• Scope & Potential in India

• Significance

• Location

• Constraints and Challenges

• Upstream & Downstream Requirements

• Supply Chain Management

• Government Policies and Initiatives – SAMPADA, 12th FYP, etc.

Developments & their Applications & Effects in Everyday Life

Chemicals in Food

• Artificial Sweetening Agents

• Food Preservatives

Drugs

• Antacid

• Antihistamines

• Neurologically Active Drugs

  • Tranquilizers

  • Analgesics

• Antimicrobials

  • Antibiotics

  • Antiseptic and Disinfectant

• Anti-Fertility Drugs, etc.

Cleansing Agents

• Soaps

• Synthetic detergents

Glass

Water Softener

Water Purification/Disinfection

Microwave Oven, etc.

Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology

• Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

• Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose

• Satyendra Nath Bose

• Meghnad Saha

• Homi Jehangir Bhabha

• Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

• A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

• Vikram Sarabhai

• Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya

• Har Gobind Khorana

• Tessy Thomas

• C.N.R. Rao

Indigenization of Technology & Developing New Technology

• IT & Computers

• Space

• Nanotechnology

• Biotechnology

• Robotics

• Defence

• Nuclear

Awareness in Different Fields

• IT & Computers

• Space

• Nanotechnology

• Biotechnology

• Robotics

• Defence

• Nuclear

Issues Relating to Intellectual Property Rights

• Need for Intellectual Property Rights

• Types of IPR

• IPR Regime in India

• International Agreements Related to IPRs

• Geographical Indicators

• Recent Issues - Evergreening, Compuslory Licensing, Prominent Cases etc.

Conservation

What is Biodiversity?

Types of Biodiversity – Genetic, Species, Ecosystem, etc.

Importance of Biodivesirty – Ecosystem Services, Bio Resources of Economic Importance, Social Benefits etc.

Resasons for Loss of Biodiversity

Conservation

• In-situ & Ex-Situ

• Eco-Sensitive Areas

• Ecological Hotspots

• National Guidelines, Legislations & Other Programmes.

• International Agreements & Groupings

Environmental Pollution & Degradation

Types of Pollution & Pollutants

Impact of Pollution & Degradation

• Ozone Layer Depletion and Ozone Hole

• Greenhouse Gas Effect & Global Warming

• Eutrophication

• Desertification

• Acid Rain

• Hazardous Waste, etc.

Causes/Sources of Pollution & Degradation

Prevention & Control of Pollution & Degradation

National Environment Agencies, Legislations and Policies

International Environment Agencies & Agreements

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

• What is EIA?

• Indian Guidelines & Legislations

• EIA Process

• Need & Benefits of EIA

• Shortcomings of EIA in India

• Measures to Make EIA Effective

Disaster Management

• Types of Disasters

• Management of Disasters

• Community Level Disaster Management

• Governement Initiatives on Disaster Management

Linkages Between Development & Spread of Extremism

• Factors Responsible for Spread of Extremism

• Steps that State can Taken to Reduce the Spread of Extremism due to Underdevelopment

• Naxalism

Role of External State & Non-State Actors in Creating Challenges to Internal Security

Threats from Non-State Actors

• J&K Separatism

• Left Wing Extremism

• North East Insurgency

• Terrorism in Hinterland & Border Areas

• Right Wing Terrorism

Reasons for Spread of Terrorism

State Sponsored Terrorism

Institutional Framework to Tackle Challenge of Internal Security

• NIA

• NATGRID

• MAC

• UAPA

• TADA

• POTA

• NCTC

Challenges to Internal Security Through Communication Networks

• Role of Media & Social Networking Sites in Internal Security Challenges

• Challenges in Managing Social Media

• Steps That can be Taken

Basics of Cyber Security

• Cyber Security

• Threats to Indian Cyber Security

• Steps taken by India

• International Cooperation on Cyber Security

• Cyber Warfare

• Terms Associated with Cyber Security

Money-Laundering & its Prevention

• Process of Money Laundering

• Impact of Money Laundering

• Challenges to Tackle Money Laundering

• Steps to Counter Money Laundering

• Terms Related To Money Laundering

Security Challenges & their Management in Border Areas

• Challenges in Managing Border Security – Coastal & Terrestrial

• Land Boundary Disputes with Neighbours

• India's Policy in Border Area Security Management

Linkages of Organized Crime with Terrorism

• Types of Organised Crime

• Challenges in Controlling Organised Crime

• Indian Context – Link between Organised Crime & Terrorism

Various Security Forces & Agencies & Their Mandate

• Central Armed Police Forces

• Central Paramilitary Forces

• Security & Intelligence Agencies – IB. R&WA, etc.