• Buffer stock refers to a reserve of a commodity that is used to offset price fluctuations and unforeseen emergencies. 
• The concept of buffer stock was first introduced during the 4th Five Year Plan (1969-74).
• A buffer stock of food grains in the Central Pool is maintained by the Government of India (GOI) for:
• meeting the prescribed minimum buffer stock norms for food security
• monthly release of food grains for supply through Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) and Other Welfare Schemes (OWS)
• meeting emergency situations arising out of unexpected crop failure, natural disasters, etc., and
• price stabilisation or market intervention to augment supply so as to help moderate the open market prices.
• The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs fixes the minimum buffer norms on a quarterly basis. 
• The buffer stock figures are normally reviewed after every five years.
• The government has engaged the National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Limited (NAFED), Small Farmers Agri-business Consortium (SFAC), and Food Corporation of India (FCI) to procure pulses for buffer stock.
• In addition to buffer norms, the Government has prescribed a strategic reserve of wheat (since 2008) and rice (since 2009).
• In 2015, the government has created a buffer stock of pulses of 1.5 lakh tonnes to control the fluctuation of prices of pulses.
• Presently, stocking norms fixed by the Government comprise of:
• Operational stocks: for meeting monthly distributional requirements under TPDS and OWS. 
• Food security stocks/reserves: for meeting the shortfall in procurement. 
• Food grains stock in the Central Pool consists of stock held by the Food Corporation of India (FCI), states participating in the Decentralised Procurement Scheme, and the state government agencies (SGAs) for both buffer and operational requirements.

Benefits:

• • Food Security: To ensure the availability of food grains for the public, especially the vulnerable sections, during adverse conditions like droughts, floods, or other crises.
  • Price Stabilisation: To maintain stable prices of essential food grains in the market by regulating supply.
    • In 2022-23, the Food Corporation of India (FCI) released 34.82 lakh tonnes of wheat to boost market supplies.
    • The FCI’s open market sale scheme significantly reduced retail inflation in cereals and wheat. 
  • Support to Farmers: Assures farmers of a minimum price for their produce, which helps in stabilising their income and encourages continued agricultural production.
  • Disaster Management: Provides immediate relief during natural disasters by supplying food grains without delay. E.g . During Covid-19 supply of free ration.

Challenges: 

• • Storage Issues: India faces significant challenges in terms of inadequate storage facilities, leading to wastage and spoilage of food grains.
  • Procurement Imbalance: There is often an imbalance in the procurement of different grains, leading to excess stocks of some and shortages of others.
  • Financial Burden: Maintaining large buffer stocks entails high financial costs related to procurement, storage, and distribution.
  • Inefficiencies in Distribution: The PDS often faces issues like leakages, pilferage, and corruption, which hinder the effective distribution of buffer stocks.
  • Quality Concerns: Ensuring the quality of stored food grains over extended periods is a significant challenge.

Road ahead

• Diversify Procurement Practices: Government procurement is currently limited to rice, wheat, and a few pulses and oilseeds. Expanding this to include other essential food items, like staple vegetables and skimmed milk powder (SMP), could help stabilise prices further.
• The Union government plans to significantly increase onion irradiation to extend the shelf life of its buffer stock, using a safe, regulated dose of radiation that prevents sprouting and reduces perishability, 
• Scientific Evaluation of Buffer Stock Norms: Use econometric methods and time-series data to logically evaluate and set norms for operational and strategic buffer grain stocks, based on decennial census data and food grain distribution commitments.
• Dynamic Buffer Norms: India''s current quarterly buffer stock norms should consider a more dynamic approach aligned with real-time data. 
• Utilise data from the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation, and Farmers Welfare and the National Sample Survey Office to adjust buffer stock levels based on factors like crop yield forecasts, international market trends, and potential disruptions.
• Technological Integration:  Explore integrating technology like blockchain for transparent and secure buffer stock management. Additionally, consider utilising weather forecasting data from the India Meteorological Department to preemptively adjust buffer stocks based on potential weather events impacting production.
• Financial Prudence: Ensuring that the financial burden of maintaining buffer stocks is managed through better budgeting and reducing procurement inefficiencies.
• Private Sector Participation: Explore collaboration with private players to leverage their expertise in areas such as storage facilities, logistics, or risk management strategies, alongside FCI''s management of buffer stocks. 
• Unbundle Competing Objectives: Separate the goals of price stabilisation, food security, and production incentives to avoid conflicts and inefficiencies in buffer-stocking operations.